Clinical samples refer to biological materials collected from patients, such as blood, urine, tissue, or saliva, for the purpose of laboratory analysis and diagnostic testing. These samples are used in research settings to study diseases, identify biomarkers, and develop new treatments. Clinical samples play a critical role in advancing medical knowledge and improving patient outcomes through personalized medicine approaches. Samples are typically collected through non-invasive or minimally invasive procedures and must be handled and stored carefully to ensure accurate results. Researchers often work with large numbers of clinical samples to generate statistically significant data and investigate a wide range of medical conditions.